Visit also our English test preparation page for more downloadable resources and videos. In the certificated test, you always need to complete the whole section grammar, reading, listening before you proceed to the next section.
Download the B2 English Test with answers in pdf below, print it, and start answering the questions. When you reach the Listening comprehension section page 8 in the pdf test , listen to the audio samples below and mark the best answers. Calculate the result: On the last page p10 , you will find the correct answers to the test questions and the formula for the calculation of the percentage score.
B2 is the most demanded proficiency level for the job positions requiring the daily active use of language. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party.
Planning and organizing ; production is essential for efficient operations. At the pro duet design stage, I designers and product managers will redefine how the product is to work and how it is to be made. At the production system specifications stage, we focus on the manufacturing requirements.
A production cost model calculates I production costs and capacity 8 I factors. The letters of the missing words are mixed up. Complete the dialogue with the missing words. We're not particularly busy at the moment. Believe it or not, the a manedd tor turniture is seasonal. So, do you b kaem-ot-osckt? Well, all our units are made- c ot-reord. However, we make components-to- stock. When are your busy times?
Normally trom September to May but there is always a great deal ot d cerunintyta and it's ditticult to e recatfos sales trends.
So does the adel mite vary? No, not really. Our g adel mite is usually 8 to 10 weeks. When we are very bUsy, the worktorce usually do h mitevero to try to avoid a i Iockbag ot orders. It necessary we introduce a U tisht system when we're working at tuli capacity to avoid k beckslotten at key machines.
During a busy period do you have I toskc-tous? We use the time when work is m Iacks to build up stock ot components. We don't like machines or workers to be n Iide! Both industrial firms and governments carry out Rand D. There Di" are two main types of research. Pure or basic research aims to clarify scientific principies without Development describes the improvement of a product ::u o or process by scientists in conjunction with engineers.
Industry spends vast sums to develop new "TJ Fn products and the means to produce them cheaply, efficiently, and safely. I I o :z Research is important in many disciplines and there are different typesof researchwith different » r- research professionals. The type of research ref1ectsthe environment and the objectives. In » addition, many research words have entered the generallanguage.
Complete it using words from the list. Dear Frank I had a preliminary meeting with Maria Altefors regardingher a for a new children's pushchair. It's a simple but b invention which will allow two children of different ages to be transported in a single unit.
She has already registered a e and l'd like us to develop a d. Could you arrange a meeting withthe e to discuss this? Qualitative n research uses open-ended interviewing to explore and understand the attitudes, opinions, Q Results from research activi ties need to be scientificaIly measured and then reported. The foIlowing- words can be used as both- nouns and verbs: -.
We are going to study consumer attitudes. We intend to test the reactions to our new advertising campaign. We wilI carry out the tests in order to get feedback on our advertising campaigns. The trialsproduced some very interesting resuIts. We aim to trial our new products over the coming months. We have evaluated the reliability of the experiments. It is important to experimentwith new processes.
The results are shown in a o. The histogram shows frequency e. The figures are based on a 1'11 CI f of 2, ball bearings. They were chosen at g ; in no particular order, CI time or pattern.
The measurement h is in millimetres. The i of I4. The mode of distribution is k. You will have to put the verb in the correct formo 1 They a report on future energy requirements. Put the following sentences in the correct order to describe the steps in the process of developing a new drug.
Many of these software programs are designed for use both by computer professionals o and enthusiastic amateurs. Another important factor is the development of computer networks 'TI m - 6.
At the heart of all computers is the hardware. RAM randomaccess memory scanner. Many words in the field of IT corne from American English.
So you may see the following spellings: British English American English programme program analogue analog The area of IT is developing very quickly; and the language to describe hardware, software and applications is also evolving at a high speed.
J 1 The computer monitor will so you can see it on screen. Computer networks can now be interconnected efficiently The biggest network is the World Wide Web. They can share information with each other, such as databases of -I information. The internet allows people all over the world to communicate with each other 1"1'1 effectivelyand inexpensively.
Network connections II Network operation web page. Here is a list of instructions for someone wanting to set up a small network. Put the instructions in the correct order. However, in order to span greater distances and to minimize magnetic and electrical interference use fibre optic cable. Check which protocols are installed and add any other protocols you require.
Get the hardware you need: an Ethernet adapter card for each computer that doesn't have an Ethernet port, a hub if you've got more than two computers, cables and wall jacks. It is usually ' subdivided into materials management, which is control of the efficient and effectiveflow of D C". The process of mstribution involves different means of transportation and requires In In secure packaging.
In o Documentation Z - - - :o r- :o bill of lading. S goods packed together and wrapped up ready for transportation. Here is an email from Woodman Ud. Fill in the blanks with words from the boxo. MS, to you. We have used our usual e , MJ Irving. I am attaehing the the f is enclosed withthe goods. The erate should be g Ireland on Thursday and Irvinghas promised h to your i in Belfast on Fridaymorning.
Therefore, the goal D C". They began simply as a method for detecting defective products by inspection at the end of the production line. In recent. Today sampling methods monitor o.
The ultimate aim, of course, is zero defects. But soon people noticed that they didn't they provided value for money. Customers were delighted with the new cars and of low quality.
The cars did more than simply satisfy meet customer needs in terms of style customers' requirements, and designo Here is a memo from the head of quality control to the managing director. Complete it with words from the boxo monitor. As you know we recentlycarried out a a analysisof the bottle manufacturingplant.
Our aim was quality b and to reduce the number of e products. As you can see from the attached d chart, raw materials and system failures are the areas we must improve on. We will introduce new systems to change our e methods and f raw materials more carefully. We carried out a system failure g and we are now repairing the moulding machine.
This will h future failures and reduce i. With U process improvement, our aim is k defects. For this reason, work practices need to be ' regulated.
Examples of dangerous activities are: Q 11 welding or grinding without goggles II.. UI O Health and safety is a part of employment labour law. Risks and hazards Effects vomiting Protective measures The following health and safety notices show some protective measures that can be taken: Washup DuringUse.
VI o z lo Complete the following sentences with a form of the word in brackets. VI 4 These chemicals must be kept in a locked cupboard because they are harm. The manager in charge of health and safety is explaining things to some new employees. Complete what he says by filling the blanks with the correct word from the boxo New government regulations mean that we are all required to be more aware of workplace.
As your employer, provide you with the You must wear b to protect your eyes when IUshould also wear ear c because the high enough to cause damage to your hearing. Chemicals themselves are, so they should never enter your mouth. If you leave them cause headaches, Engineering as a profession involves different tasks. It can refer specifically to the manufacture or assembly of engines, machine tools and machine parts. It is also used more generally to describe the creative application of scientific principIes to design, develop, construct and forecast the behaviour of structures, apparatus, machines, manufacturing processes and works.
The function of scientists is to know, while that of engineers is to do: they must solve specific problems. D:D 1 Match the foIlowing verbs with the correct definition. Engineering students shoutd have an understanding of maths, a and chemistry. Working with pharmaceuticals, food, mineral processing and chemical manutacturing, engineer is trained to understand, design, control, and III investigate material flows.
If you enjoy problem solving and find projects such as the I 11 Channel Tunnel and the Three Gorges Dam interesting, engineering may 11 be for you. You will produce creative designs at an economical price white paying due concern to the environment. If your interest is in road building then you may decide to follow a specialized course in d engineering. By studying e and f engineering you learn about the design ot complete systems, such as computers, controllers, power and transport systems.
These are extensively tested in wind tunnels and dust tunnels, factory tracks, ' water-proofing bays, desert heat, Arctic cold, and crashes. At the next stage a plant is set up to o build the new model and the necessary components. Product planners monitor the process to 3: 'V en sure that the new car programme finishes on time and within budget. Every year the major car manufacturers launch their. A typical company will therefore have several new designs in various stages of development at any given time.
B Automobiles have developed over the years, both in terms of mechanics and designo Today's automobile system is more efficient and safer, and the range of models more varied. A central part of car manufacture is the workshop where car badies are shaped and painted the bodyshop. Models Body shaping and painting Exhaust manifold.. Exhaust system Alternator. Engine Radiator.
Steering system Power train. Electrical system. Coolant system. Fuelsystem Transmission. Brake system e, Advertising plays an important role in promoting the features of cars. Put the following steps in the correct order. O ' c Researchers analyse the answers and suggest the type of car to be built.
S» C" d Engineers work to modify existing parts for the new model. Fillin the blanks with words from the page opposite. The first letter is given to help you. L aunched. Ild two.. The o 3: chemical industry includes makers of more than 70, different chemicals, with global sales. Use of petrochemicals. ITI In 1 Farmers use this to kiIlinsects: 2 These fibres are made from chemicals: 3 Farmers use these to make plants grow: 4 This describes a paint which dries quickly:.
The letters of the missing words in brackets are mixed up. Complete the text with the missing words. Huge quantities of chemicals are used today. Praducts of the chemical industry include a sposa , fibres and explosives. The starting point in the manufacture of chemical products b bicsa chemicals and these include c - adics , for example sulphuric acid, and d akillsa , for example sodium hydraxide.
Sulphuric acid is one of the best-known acids and is used to make e fizterriles , plastics, f ptaisn , dyes, detergents and other chemicals. Alkali mixtures containing sodium and potassium are used to manufacture g gslas , soap and textiles and are also used in refining crude h fio. The modern chemical industry began towards the end of the century. William Perkin discovered k - dsey fram coa!. These were soon being used by the I tlextie industry. Shortly after, Alfred Nobel invented dynamite which was the start of the m epsolxevis industry.
The discovery of celluloid by Hyatt and bakefite by Baekeland led to the creation of the n piltascs industry. The pchel1 lacetori industry grew rapidly after when petroleum became very important in the praduction of organic chemicals. Plastics have different praperties: strong and p tugho , q tpentrasarn or heat r ritessant.
The pharmaceutical industry produces medicinal drugs used for the above purposes. When a new drug is discovered, a " rigor ous testing programme is initiated, o 3! The UI regulatory process is carried out by the relevant local authority, e. Finally, the drug is ready for production. The clinical process Regulatory process. Adminlstration Benefits Advisory Development ',. Pharmaceutical BenefitsSchedule i.
Commlsslon processes claim l Some of the letters of the missing word have been given. SOne important factor in packaging and selling a drug is productl- b.
I 2 Liquids with a low temperature at which they boil are more volatile than those with a high temperature at which they boH. Fill in the blanks with words ITom the boxo. The drug was developed conditions, and has already been tested on small and larger animals.
We are now at the stage of testing on d volunteers why you are here. Once we have analysed the results of these tests we willbe able to test the drug on e The drug can only be sold once the local authority has it and a licence has been obtained. The authority is concerned about any effects of the drug as well standards. Some diseases are acute, causing severe symptoms that last only for a short time, e. Appropriate treatment depends on the correct drug and the correct dosage.
Help with these areas is available from a range of carers and treaters. Some diseases. Underline it and correct it. O n 4 The tropical disease which is transmitted by mosquitoes is known as asthma. ITI 3 Someone who is about to have an operation and must first go into a deep sleep. ID Complete the following article about aspirin using the words from the boxo The drug known as aspirin is over one hundred years oid.
It was patented in by the German pharmaceutical company, Bayer. However, it was nat until that Professor Vane discovered exactly how aspirin worked. People who have had a a are advised to take a low dose of 75mg b a day to reduce the risk of another attack. For the majority of people it is known to reduce the risk of a e but for a very small number of people this risk is in fact a dangerous d. Scientific tests have also shown that aspirin taken twice a week reduces the risk of bowel e.
At high f , aspirin reduces pain in people suffering from the g disorder, 33 rheumatoid h It also includes major works such as ships, m aircraft, and public works such as roads, dams, and bridges. Jobs in construction The foundations The structure The exterior walls e Constructware is a US company which provides collaboration solutions to construction companies to help them achieve business success by increasing productivity, improving risk management and reducing costs.
Complete the text with words ITomthe opposite page. There are two main methods ofbuilding calculates exactly how much of these houses. In one, solid walls known as materials will be needed for the building. They support the floors and e laid. During the raof of the building. In the other, a building, f make the framework of steel, timber or concrete is wooden structures, g constructed. The frame can be covered or cut and place stone, h filled in withlightweight material.
Once the the site and makes a plan of the size building has been completed, and shape of the plot of land. Next, an U lay meters of e makes a detailed electrical cable, and k drawing of the building, and gives install pipes for heating and water. Finally information about the materials which are I paint the walls and to be used. A d ceilings of the building. However, another very large field is concerned with electric light and power and their applications.
Specialities within the field include the design, manufacture, and use of turbines, generators, transmission lines, transformers, motors, lighting systems, and appliances.
Electrical problemscan be avoided by always using the right devices and taking appropriate measures for electrical protection. They are used to express complex ideas economically Find a word or phrase from the page opposite. S Glass fibres that are used for data transmission. The first letter of the missing words has been given. In power stations, high pressure steam, gas, water or wind is used to drive a t which fum huge b g. Large power stations generate electricity at 25, volts.
This is then stepped up to , or , volts using e t before being fed into a network of d c known as the Grid. Electrical e p is then carried across the country by overhead f t. The Grid voltage is reduced by stepping down g t at substations before it is used in homes and factories. Some industrial plants take electrical energy from the Grid system at 33, or 11, volts, but for use in homes and offices it is stepped down to a lower level.
In the home, supply from the mains h c passes through a main i f and then to afuse boxoThe fuse box is a distribution paint for the electricity supply to the house. Most houses have two or three ring main U c. There are als o two or three k l circuits and separate circuits for I a such as cookers and hot water heaters. It deals with the emission, behaviour, and ' effects of electrons for the generation, transmission, reception, and storage of information.
This Q C" information can be audio signals in a radio, images video signals on a television screen, or -Q e numbers and other data in a computer. Electronic systems are important in communication, "'" entertainment, and control systems.
Transistors, which are made of silicon or germanium, are made from o 3: semiconductors. For "tI example, computer-aided design to oIs facilitate the design of complex parts, such as aircraft o o wings, or intricate structures, such as integrated circuits. Electroniccomponentsare expected to deliver ever higher performance, while electronic circuits continue to benefit from miniaturization. Z cellular radiotelephone systems and domestic appliances.
The two most a are the most important common capacitors are ceramic and electrolytic. They can be used to amplify the Most electronic devices use f strength of a signal by converting a weak signal IC or microchips. Inside an IC is into a stronger one Or to switch other circuits on a very small piece of g with or ofI b reduce the flow of circuits built in.
Today, semiconductors are usually e through the circuit, adding made of h which is che aper and resistance to that circuit.
They U Firstly it transformed our lives in factories, offices, and homes; secondly it emerged as a key economic sector. Here is an extract from a job description for an electronic engineer: Scope and responsibilities Senior Electronics Design Engineer The Senior Electronics Design Engineer will be responsible for enhancing to and supporting the entire electronic design process, including,but not limited to:. In its widest sense, it covers the outputs and S» er inputs of agriculture and the faad industry, including: -s» e..
Examples are bread and biscuit baking. In a broad sense agriculture includes cuItivation of the soHogrowing and harvesting crops, breeding and raising livestock. B Agricultural engineering is the application of engineering principIes to agricultural production systems. It covers: - conservation. Agricultural chemistry deals with the chemical compositions and changes involved in the production, protection, and use of crops and livestock.
IIIIntroductionto foodhygiene.. Link the correct description on the right to the course component on the Ieft. Floors, walls, ceilings and surfaces which come into contact with food must be Food handling adequately maintained, easy to clean and, where necessary, disinfected. Food handlers must protect food and ingredients against risks which may make them unfit Bacteriology for human consUlnption or a. Prevention of Hygiene is importantfor anyone working in a foodbusiness.
Good hygiene prevents food contamination poisoning and protects your reputation with customers. Premises Owners and managers of food bUsinesses mUst ensure that their businesses comply with the law. Cleaning and People who work in food areas can spread food poisoning germs very easily. Whileyou are working, clean up any spills immediately and clean work surfaces, legislation equipment and floors frequently. There are two main D er raw materials: primary wood pulp from felled trees and - e D recycled waste.
For the cheapest grades of paper, such Then the logs are chopped into chips l'''" very small pieces. In the chemical process, the woodchips are cooked with chemicals in a digester. In the mechanical process, the woodchips are ground mechanically in a retiner to separate the fibres. At this stage, different pulps in the form of slurry from the chemical, mechanical and waste pulp processes can be combined in a blend chest.
Also at this stage,. The mixture, the papermaking stock, is treated to separate the fibres. This is known as the retining stage. Finally this pulp is pressed and dried in a mill. The finished paper is wound onto large rolls. It is converted in to smaller rolls or sheets for ease of Calender Wire section wet end transport and use. The information may be voice, facsimile, data, radio, or D C" television signals.
The electronie signals that are transmitted can be either analogue or digital. Digital switching The encoded signal is o. Telecommunieations technologists are needed to plan, install and maintain state-of-the-art telephone systems, cable TV and computer networks. Although technologists have knawledge af thearetieal tapies, they tend to focus on salving practical design and applicatian prablems. Training covers a wide range af telecams-related tapies.
Link each term with the most appropriate mode of transmission. The telephone is an instrument used for sending and receiving voice messages and data. In a point-to-point radio ::o channel. Broadcasts may be audible only, as in radio, or visual or a r-. Telephony A videophone is a personal video carnera and display, a microphone and speaker, and a data- conversion device.
A cordless telephone is a device which plugs directly into an existing telephone jack, allowing! Telephony has been revolutionized by cellular cell or mobile telephones, which are personal portable devices.
Facsimile, or fax, refer s to the transmission of print: text, fixed images or drawings by wire or radio channels or undersea cable. Television e Mobile telephony is revolutionizing how we use the phone. Look at the range of features offered by the MobiPhone.
T'I answering antenna 11 the right to form ten phrases from the field of radio camera telecommunications. MobiPhone World to worry about missing that important meeting as the MobiCom. It is World comes with a can also packed with exciting be one step ahead of the bank by checking how much phone, it doubles as a And GPRS enabled, you can while you are on internet calls.
After finishing, the woven material is ready for delivery to Complete the texts using the words below. Delivery documentation is enclosed with the consignment, but the shipping papers aren't prepared in this department. In this area here the goods are loaded onto trucks; and over there incoming goods which have just arrived are unloaded. A consignment is just being delivered over there. We have been using plastic packaging for many years; however, next year we are moving to more environmentally-friendly materials.
Present simple All goods are received at The bill ot lading isn't Where are the goods passive this depot. Present continuous The supervisor is checking I am not sending out a bill When are we moving to the active the delivery. Present continuous Goods are being unloaded At present the pallets are Why are those crates passive over there.
Present perfect Positive Negative Question Present perfect Our contractor has built They have not drained How many tunnels have simple active a supporting wall. Present perfect The walls have been built. The water has not been Has the cable been laid? Present perfect The supervisor has been I have not be en working on How long have they been continuous active checking the walls today.
The present simple describes: a regular or characteristic happening How often do you receiveshipments? DI L- Choose the correct verb form in each of the following. Q in hospital at the moment. Complete the answers by putting the verb in brackets into the appropriate present tense in the active or passive. B: No. They are normally made to order.
B: l'm afraid not. He currently the plant in the north of Scotland. B: Yes,of course. It just off the production line. B: We 5, units a month and only a very small number produce reject S A: How long have you been using imported raw materials?
B: We - import rayon for many years but we only just begin using imported polyester. B: No, this fabric dye. B: Not long at all. We dispatch this load tomorrow afternoon. Over the past ten years, this area a experience severe fIooding. Houses d decide to introduce a fIoodcontrol system. At present our workforce e build a dam on the west side of the town and dikes along the river We must complete the work within two months, so at present we g work 24 hours a day. The plans j already start next week.
First we analysed the Q results of the tests that we had carried out. After the results had be en compiled. This showed how well they had 3 performed under different conditions. While we were evaluating the physical performance. All the results were then recorded e into a database. Past simple The performance of the air The results weren't recorded. Past continuo us While the test was being Past perfect Past perfect The analyst had been We had not been evaluating How long had you be en continuous checking the walls yesterday The past simple describes: an activity at a definite time in the past The study of airbags was started last year.
The past continuous describes: an activity which is a time frame for another activity WhiIe we were studying the airbags. WhiIe our team was studying performance. The past perfect describes: an activity that happened earlier than another activity in the past Our studies showed how weII the equipment had performed.
Notes: We use the past tenseswith these expressions: yesterday yesterday morninglafternoon,! Find the mistakes and correct them. Q 3 The first real road builders in Britain was the Romans. Make past tense questions and answers using the words given. I , -- Complete the folIowing report of an accident which happened in a factory with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
I On Friday morning at 9. He b Iie on the floor. His colleague e check that he d still breathe and then e call the emergency services. The injured man f take to hospital where he later g recover. An investigation at the factory h find that a bottle containing a dangerous chemicalliquid i Ieave open. Vapour from theliquid U escape into the air. While he had been working in the room he k become unwell.
He I becorne drowsy and then m fall unconscious. Investigating officers ore interviewing everyone who n work in the factory that morning. Q A: When are we going to treat the first patients with the new drug? B: They are preparing the preliminary forms next month. So they'll be ready before the summer. When is PharEurop going to register the drug?
I intend to do it: future with going to l am uploading the new web page next week. Notice the different shades of meaning between the three future forms: A: When will the hardware be installed?
B: We are going to lay the network cables next Tuesday. A: l'm seeing the electrical contractor tomorrow. We're going to review the site plan. B: Good. So when do you think the system will go live. A: The file server will be delivered on Friday. B: And the work stations? A: They're coming at the beginning of the following week. S» 4 The workers need different interesting jobs to do. Complete what they say with will or won't and a verb from the boxo give.
I see, and how many hours of sunshine b we to produce energy? When you be able to install it? Conditionals Ci Sample sentences S» If you follow these measures, the risk of bums will be substantially reduced. If you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately. There are four principal types of conditional sentences: conditional I. Conditional if cIause main cIause present simple future with will II past simple conditional with would III past perfect past conditional with would have Universal present simple present simple Note that the following contractions are common in speech: wnI- 'lI,e.
Conditional 11 Rere the speaker sees the event as a remote possibility: If there wasa blowout, we would evacuatethe rig immediately. Notes: 1 These expressions mean 'i! Complete these sentences using the words in brackets. Complete the conversation with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
A: We'lI work when the conditions improve. B: weather was going to be delay the WeB, get the foundations laid by I Do you remember building that bridge last year? If we of sandbags, the have flooded the town. If they'd chosen another time of year, we h not have these prablems.
It would at this time of year! Do you like to work on the assembly line? Don't forget l remember checldng the bill of materials. G b l really regret to nat make a change a lang time ago. Q 2 This unit is extremely heavy. Choose from the verbs in the boxo produce, scratcb" visit S The suppliers have agreed the amount of packaging.
Complete the memo using the words in brackets. To: l -- d use The idea will involve f link all the modules order processing, bill of materials to invoicing. When we link them in this way l'd he agrees le of the programme by July.
We then publish the 3 findings and circulate them to various experts. This is exactly what we did when we applied for 3 the current patent. We are therefore very surprised that you have contacted us in this matter. In the meantime we will e investigate yourclaims further. The findings are then published and circulated to vario us experts. This is exactly what was done when the current patent was applied for. We are therefore very surprised that we have been contacted in this matter.
We can assure you that all the relevant documentation was completed. In the meantime your claims will be investigated further. For example: Paper still plays a vital role in our lives - newspapers tell us the events of the day. Paper has been with us since A. The Chinese first used it to make records; later it spread to all parts of the world.
We can use the passive in the following situations: 1 We are not interested in the doer. Ancient paper was made entirely of rags; modern paper is made from wood pulp - a faster and cheaper alternative.
First the logs are stripped of bark, cut into sm aller sections, and made into chips. The chips are put into a large tank called a digester and allowed to stew in a chemical mix under pressure. The wood pulp that is created by this process is then washed to remove any chemicals and pressed through screens to remove chunks andforeign objects.
Thepulp is then drained of water to form a mass that is then bleached and washed again. The first two corresponding active senten ces would be: First we strip the logs of bark, then we cut them in to smaller sections, and make them into chips. We then put the chips into a large tank called a digester and allow them to stew in a chemical mix under pressure.
Thechemicalsin this processare toxic:safety clothingmust be worn. This is the typical style of a written order or instruction. The corresponding activesentence would be: 76 Thechemicalsare toxic:wear safety clothing. C 4 Geothermal energy is produced below the earth's surface. Use these notes and the verbs given to write sentences to describe these changes. Blow- m In this process, air b blow into a bl b ofmdltenplastic inside a hoHow :fJl Toys and boMs make by injection moulding.
Thermoplastics can I shape byextrusion. Moltenplastic m - force thro1. Fibres for textiles and sheet plastic may make by extrusion. Causation Ci A.. Sample sentences m The application of civil engineering techniques has led to more secure structures. These stains result from the extensive use of dyes. We have moved over to water turbines because they offer significant cost savings. Here are other verbs and verb ph rases with a similar meaning. Here a subordinating conjunction links the effect and the cause.
Here are the other main subordinating conjunctions: as. Here an adverbph raseintroduces the cause. Other expressions with a similar meaning are: as a consequenceof.
Combustion is a reaction in which the oxidization of an element or compound Ieads to the release of energy. If the combustion resuIts in aflame, it is called burning. Since combustion can be dangerous, it is important to take precautions against injury. However, nat all combustions resuIt in flames.
For example, the combustion of carbon in oxygen causes an intense red-white light but no flame. Petroleum, on the other hand, requires special handling on account ofits volatility.
D 1 Choose the correct phrase in each of the following. T he earth is kept warm a However, human activity has brpught e account b an iuqease a. CO2 results e the burning o[ fossil [uels and forests, No one knbws exactly what changes wiU take place because f this warming.
Jihey also expect. As a consequence U heating, water expands and this will give rise k a rise in ocean levels. C Our quality policy is to develop, produce, and deliver on time. In order to do this, we have 3 implemented quality systems and processes that demand continuous improvement.
To achieve this 3 we need to constantly strive to upgrade our performance and inspire others by example. The C On e the other hand, peer needs must not be ignored. Staff have to be trained to enable them to carry out tJ 1 their tasks. Everyone will be encouraged to take on responsibility.
Rowever, no-one will be forced. For the use of the verbs below see e Rere is the range of verbs for the obliger: 1 Obligesomeone to do something cornpel. Rere is the range of verbsforthe obliged: be forced to.. Fire regulations prohibit builders from using jIammable 6 Not obliged: materials.
In this type of soil we needn't dig the 3 Not to oblige someone to do something: foundations deeper than 10 metres. Choose one correct sentence for each picture, There are more sentences than you need, G Each of the following sentences contains a mistake, Find the mistakes and correct them, 1 You needn't to enclose the invoice.
Below is an extract from a letter from an insurance agent to a manufacturing company about regulations, Complete the extract by choosing the correct word ITomthe boxo needn't prohibited..
Itis important that these points are followed; otherwise theinsurance cover will not be valido 11 All empty crates a notbe stacked in the production area. Theyare a health and safety problem and we will not b you to leave them there. However, prior to disposal. Containersthat contain llammablematerials f be at least metres from the building. Sample sentences As a result of the high cost of local raw materials, we are going to start importing from China. Plastics are a versatile family of materials; therefore they are suitable for a wide range of c: packaging applications.
Rere are the other main subordinating conjunctions: as. Other expressions with a similar meaning are: as a consequence of. Themaintenanceteamare here;thereforewe'll needto shut down the machinery after this shift.
The connector'therefore' points backwards to the cause and forwards to the effect. Other connecting words and expressions are: accordiogly hence formal.. I Because management is thinking of introducing a zero defect production initiative. So we are starting a project group to look at current practices in production.
So, that's why everyone has been called to the meeting. We've scheduled a meeting on oewinitiative.
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